XIV
Contents
21.4
Inherited Diseases of Muscle
476
Degenerative Syndromes
478
Dynamic Syndromes
478
21.5
Nonmuscle Systems
478
Actin
478
Cilia
480
21.6
Drugs Affecting Microtubules
483
Immotile Cilia Syndrome
483
Kinesins
484
Supplemental Readings
and References
484
CHAPTER
22
Metabolic Homeostasis
22.1
Metabolic Homeostasis
485
22.2
Metabolic Roles of Organs
487
Liver
487
Adipose Tissue
487
Skeletal Muscle
488
Brain
488
Heart
489
Kidneys
489
Gastrointestinal System
489
Blood and Other Body Fluids
489
Albumin
490
Lipoproteins
490
22.3
Endocrine Pancreas and Pancreatic
Hormones
490
Insulin
490
Structure and Synthesis
490
Secretion
492
Biological Actions of Insulin
494
Insulin Receptor
494
Glucagon
495
Somatostatin
496
Pancreatic Polypeptide
496
22.4
Stored Fuels
496
Appetite, Hunger, and Control of Food
Intake
497
22.5
Carbohydrate Homeostasis
497
Carbohydrate as a Food
497
Disposition of High Glucose Intake
498
Glucose Tolerance
499
Glucose Homeostasis during Fasting
499
Utilization of Hepatic Glycogen
500
Utilization of Skeletal Muscle Glycogen
501
Gluconeogenesis
502
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
502
22.6
Lipid Homeostasis
504
Lipid Digestion and Absorption
504
Disposition of Absorbed Triacylglycerol
504
Production of Triacylglycerol from
Carbohydrate
505
Release of Lipid from Adipose Tissue Stores
505
Tissue Utilization of Fatty Acids
506
Ketone Body Production and Utilization
506
22.7
Protein Synthesis and Nitrogen
Homeostasis
508
Protein Synthesis and Proteins as Energy
Source
508
Nitrogen Balance
508
Ammonia Toxicity
509
Nitrogen Transfer between Compounds and
Tissues
509
Methods for Directly Transferring
Nitrogen
509
Reactions in Which Ammonia Is
Released
509
Reactions That “Fix
”
Ammonia
509
Disposition of Dietary Intake of Protein
509
Protein Catabolism during Starvation
510
22.8
Abnormalities of Metabolic
Homeostasis
511
Diabetes Mellitus
511
Etiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
512
Obesity
515
